References (Chronological Order):
2011
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Ducher G, Turner AI, Kukuljan S, Pantano KJ, Carlson JL, Williams NI, De Souza MJ. Obstacles in the optimization of bone health outcomes in the female athlete triad. Sports Med. 2011 Jul 1;41(7):587-607.
Gibbs JC, Williams NI, Scheid JL, Toombs RJ, and MJ De Souza. The Association of a High Drive for Thinness with Energy Deficiency and Severe Menstrual Disturbances: Confirmation in a Large Population of Exercising Women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011 Aug 21(4):280-290.
Hoch AZ, Papanek P, Szabo A, Widlansky ME, Schimke JE, Gutterman DD.Association between the female athlete triad and endothelial dysfunction in dancers. Clin J Sport Med. 2011 Mar;21(2):119-25.
Joy EA. ACSM Clinician Profile. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2011 May-Jun;10(3):121.
Lanser EM, Zach KN, Hoch AZ. The female athlete triad and endothelial disfunction. PM R. 2011 May;3(5):458-65.
McManus AM, Armstrong N. Physiology of elite young female athletes. Med Sport Sci. 2011;56:23-46. Epub 2010 Dec 21. Review.
Powell L. Too much of a good thing: female athelete triad. Mo Med. 2011 May-Jun;108(3):176-8.
Thein-Nissenbaum JM, Rauh MJ, Carr KE, Loud KJ, McGuine TA.J. Associations between disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and musculoskeletal injury among high school athletes. Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011 Feb;41(2):60-9. Epub 2011 Jan 5.
Thein-Nissenbaum JM, Carr KE. Female athlete triad syndrome in the high school athlete. Phys Ther Sport. 2011 Aug;12(3):108-16. Epub 2011 Jul 13.
Warr BJ, Woolf K. The female athlete triad: patients do best with a team approach to care. JAAPA. 2011 Apr;24(4):50-5. Review. No abstract available. Erratum in: JAAPA. 2011 Jun;24(6):14.
Zach KN, Smith Machin AL, Hoch AZ. Advances in management of the female athlete triad and eating disorders. Clin Sports Med. 2011 Jul;30(3):551-73.
2010
Boles CA, Ferguson C. The female athlete. Radiol Clin North Am. 2010 Nov;48(6):1249-66. Review.
Coelho GM, Soares Ede A, Ribeiro BG.Are female athletes at increased risk for disordered eating and its complications? Appetite. 2010 Dec;55(3):379-87. Epub 2010 Aug 13. Review.
Colvin AC, Lynn A. Sports-related injuries in the young female athlete. Mt Sinai J Med. 2010 May;77(3):307-14. Review.
Doyle-Lucas AF, Akers JD, Davy BM. Energetic efficiency, menstrual irregularity, and bone mineral density in elite professional female ballet dancers. J Dance Med Sci. 2010;14(4):146-54.
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Greydanus DE, Omar H, Pratt HD. The adolescent female athlete: current concepts and conundrums. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;57(3):697-718. Review.
Hincapié CA, Cassidy JD. Disordered eating, menstrual disturbances, and low bone mineral density in dancers: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010 Nov;91(11):1777-1789.e1. Review.
Lambrinoudaki I, Papadimitriou D. Pathophysiology of bone loss in the female athlete. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1205:45-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05681.x. Review.
Lynch SL, Hoch AZ. The female runner: gender specifics. Clin Sports Med. 2010 Jul; 29(3):477-98. Review.
Mendelsohn FA, Warren MP.Anorexia, bulimia, and the female athlete triad: evaluation and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Mar; 39(1):155-67, x.
Okamoto S, Arai Y, Hara K, Tsuzihara T, Kubo T. A displaced stress fracture of the femoral neck in an adolescent female distance runner with female athlete triad: A case report. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2010 Mar 5; 2:6.
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Pollock N, Grogan C, Perry M, Pedlar C, Cooke K, Morrissey D, Dimitriou L. Bone-mineral density and other features of the female athlete triad in elite endurance runners: a longitudinal and cross-sectional observational study. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010 Oct; 20(5):418-26.
Rauh MJ, Nichols JF, Barrack MT. Relationships among injury and disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density in high school athletes: a prospective study.J Athl Train. 2010 May-Jun; 45(3):243-52.
Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit MK. Aspects of disordered eating continuum in elite high-intensity sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Oct; 20 Suppl 2:112-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01190.x. Review.
Witkop CT, Warren MP Understanding the spectrum of the female athlete triad. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Dec;116(6):1444-8. No abstract available
Womack J. Give your sports physicals a performance boost. J Fam Pract. 2010 Aug; 59(8):437-44.
2009
Dadgostar H, Razi M, Aleyasin A, Alenabi T, Dahaghin S. The relation between athletic sports and prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea in Iranian female athletes. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2009 Jul 30; 1(1):16.
Hagmar M, Berglund B, Brismar K, Hirschberg AL. Hyperandrogenism may explain reproductive dysfunction in olympic athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Jun; 41(6):1241-8.
Hoch AZ, Pajewski NM, Moraski L, Carrera GF, Wilson CR, Hoffmann RG, Schimke JE, Gutterman DD. Prevalence of the female athlete triad in high school athletes and sedentary students. Clin J Sport Med. 2009 Sep; 19(5):421-8.
Hoogenboom BJ, Morris J, Morris C, Schaefer K. Nutritional knowledge and eating behaviors of female, collegiate swimmers. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Aug; 4(3):139-48.
Hurvitz M, Weiss R. The young female athlete. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2009 Dec; 7(2):123-9.
Joy EA, Van Hala S, Cooper L. Health-related concerns of the female athlete: a lifespan approach. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Mar 15; 79(6):489-95.
Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2009 Sep-Oct; 8(5):255-61. Review.
Pantano KJ. Strategies used by physical therapists in the U.S. for treatment and prevention of the female athlete triad. Phys Ther Sport. 2009 Feb; 10(1):3-11. Epub 2008 Dec 19
Portmann L, Giusti V. [Female athlete triad]. Rev Med Suisse. 2009 Aug 5; 5(212):1555-9. French.
Quah YV, Poh BK, Ng LO, Noor MI. The female athlete triad among elite Malaysian athletes: prevalence and associated factors. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2009; 18(2):200-8.
Schtscherbyna A, Soares EA, de Oliveira FP, Ribeiro BG. Female athlete triad in elite swimmers of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nutrition. 2009 Jun; 25(6):634-9. Epub 2009 Feb 20.
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2008
Bonci CM, Bonci LJ, Granger LR, Johnson CL, Malina RM, Milne LW, Ryan RR, Vanderbunt EM. National athletic trainers’ association position statement: preventing, detecting, and managing disordered eating in athletes. J Athl Train. 2008 Jan-Mar; 43(1):80-108. Review.
De Souza, MJ, S West, S. Jamal, G Hawker, C Gundberg, and NI Williams. The Presence of Both an Energy Deficiency and Estrogen Deficiency Exacerbate Alterations of Bone Metabolism in Exercising Women. Bone. 2008 Apr 8. [Epub ahead of print]
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Templeton KJ, Hame SL, Hannafin JA, Griffin LY, Tosi LL, Shields NN. Sports injuries in women: sex- and gender-based differences in etiology and prevention. Instr Course Lect. 2008; 57:539-52. Review.
Torstveit MK, Rosenvinge JH, Sundgot-Borgen J. Prevalence of eating disorders and the predictive power of risk models in female elite athletes: a controlled study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Feb; 18(1):108-18. Epub 2007 May 9.
Vescovi, J., S Jamal, MJ De Souza. Strategies to Reverse Bone Loss in Women with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Osteoporosis International. 2008 Apr; 19(4):465–478. Epub 2008 Jan 8.
Warren MP, Chua AT. Exercise-induced amenorrhea and bone health in the adolescent athlete. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008; 1135:244-52. Review.
2007
De Souza MJ, Hontscharuk R, Olmsted MP, Kerr G, Williams NI. Drive for thinness score is a proxy indicator of energy deficiency in exercising women. Appetite 2007; 48(3):359–67.
Manore MM, Kam LC, Loucks AB; International Association of Athletics Federations. The female athlete triad: components, nutrition issues, and health consequences. J Sports Sci. 2007; 25 Suppl 1:S61-71. Review. Erratum in: J Sports Sci. 2009 Apr; 27(6):667.
Nattiv A, Loucks AB, Manore MM, Sanborn CF, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren MP. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The Female Athlete Triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2007, Oct; 39(10):1867–82.
Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit MK. The female football player, disordered eating, menstrual function and bone health. Br J Sports Med. 2007 Aug;41 Suppl 1:i68-72. Epub 2007 Jul 3. Review.
Vescovi, J., JL VanHeest, MJ De Souza. Short term response of bone turnover to low dose oral contraceptives in exercising women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. Contraception. 2008 Feb; 77(2):97–104. Epub 2007 Dec 21.
2005
De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Beyond hypoestrogenism in amenorrheic athletes: energy deficiency as a contributing factor for bone loss. Curr Sports Med Rep 2005;4: 38–44.
2004
Beals, K.A. Disordered Eating Among Athletes. A Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2004.
De Souza MJ, Williams NI. Physiological aspects and clinical sequelae of energy deficiency and hypoestrogenism in exercising women. Hum Reprod Update 2004;10: 433–48.
Ihle R, Loucks AB. Dose-response relationships between energy availability and bone turnover in young exercising women. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19: 1231-40. Epub 2004 Apr 19.
International Society for Clinical Densitometry Position Development Conference. The diagnosis of osteoporosis in men, premenopausal women, and children. J. Clin. Densitom. 7:17-26, 2004.
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2003
Cobb KL, Bachrach LK, Greendale G, et al. Disordered eating, menstrual irregularity, and bone mineral density in female runners. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(5):711-719, 2003.
Hoch, A.Z., R.L. Dempsey, G.F. Carrera, C.R. Wilson, E.H. Chen, V.M. Barnabei, P.R. Sandford, T.A. Ryan, and D.D. Guterman. Is there an association between athletic amenorrhea and endothelial cell dysfunction? Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35:377-383, 2003.
Loucks A.B., and J.R. Thuma. Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88(1):297-311, 2003.
Warren, M.P., R.P. Fox, C.C. Holderness, A.J. DeRogatis, W.G. Hamilton, L. Hamilton. Persistent osteopenia in women with amenorrhea and delayed menarche despite hormone replacement therapy: A longitudinal study. Fertility and Sterility. 80(2):398-404, 2003.
2002
Beals, K.A., and M.M. Manore. Disorders of the female athlete triad among collegiate athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 12(3):281-294, 2002.
Kanis, J.A. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359:1929-1936, 2002.
Manore M.M. Dietary recommendations and athletic menstrual dysfunction. Sports Med. 32(14):887-901, 2002.
Sundgot-Borgen, J. Weight and eating disorders in elite athletes. Scand. J. Med. Sci Sports 12(5):259-260, 2002.
Warren, M.P., J. Brooks-Gunn, R.P. Fox, C.C. Holderness, E.P. Hyle, W.G. Hamilton. Osteopenia in exercise-associated amenorrhea using ballet dancers as a model: a longitudinal study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87(7):3162-3168, 2002.
2001
Marcus, M.D., T.L. Loucks, and S.L. Berga. Psychological correlates of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil. Steril 2001; 76: 310-316.
Williams NI, Helmreich DL, Parfitt DB, Caston-Balderrama A, Cameron JL. Evidence for a causal role of low energy availability in the induction of menstrual cycle disturbances during strenuous exercise training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86: 5184–93.
Williams NI, Caston-Balderrama AL, Helmreich DL, Parfitt DB, Nosbisch C, Cameron JL. Longitudinal changes in reproductive hormones and menstrual cyclicity in cynomolgus monkeys during strenuous exercise training: abrupt transition to exercise-induced amenorrhea. Endocrinology 2001;142: 2381–9.
Zipfel S, Seibel MJ, Lowe B, Beumont PJ, Kasperk C, Herzog W. Osteoporosis in eating disorders: a follow-up study of patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86: 5227–33.
2000
Hobart JA, Smucker DR, The female athlete triad. Am Fam Phys 2000; 61:3357-3364.
Nattiv A. Stress fractures and bone health in track and field athletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 3(3):268-279, 2000.
1999
Beals, K.A., and M.M. Manore. Subclinical eating disorders in physically active women. Topics Clin. Nutrition 14(3):14-29, 1999.
Grinspoon S, Miller K, Coyle C, Krempin J, Armstrong C, Pitts S, Herzog D, Klibanski A. Severity of osteopenia in estrogen-deficient women with anorexia nervosa and hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84: 2049–55.
Johnson C, P.S. Powers, and R. Dick. Athletes and eating disorders: The National Collegiate Athletics Association Study. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 26:179-188, 1999.
Kopp-Woodroffe S.A., M.M. Manore, C.A. Dueck, J.S. Skinner, and K.S. Matt. Energy and nutrient status of amenorrheic athletes participating in a diet and exercise training intervention program. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 9:70-88, 1999.
Manore M M. Nutritional needs of the female athlete. Clin. Sports Med. 18(3):549-563. 1999.
Warren, M.P., F. Voussoughian, E.B. Geer, E.P. Hyle, C.L. Adberg, and R.H. Ramos. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: hypoleptinemia and disordered eating. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84:873-877, 1999.
1998
Laughlin, G.A., C.E. Dominguez, and S.S. Yen. Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83:25-32, 1998.
Loucks, A.B., M. Verdun, M. and E.M. Heath. Low energy availability, not the stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women. J. Appl. Physiol. 84, 37-46, 1998.
Nichols, D.L., and C.F. Sanborn. Female Athletes and Bone. In: Nutrition for Sport & Exercise. Berning, J.R., and S.N. Steen (Eds.) Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publications, 1998, pp. 205-215.
Zanker, C.L., and I.L. Swaine. Bone turnover in amenorrhoeic and eumenorrhoeic women distance runners. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 8:20-26, 1998.
Zanker, C.L., and I.L. Swaine. Relation between bone turnover, oestradiol, and energy balance in women distance runners. Br. J. Sports Med. 32:167-171, 1998.
1997
Hergenroeder AC, Smith EO, Shypailo R, Jones LA, Klish WJ, Ellis K. Bone mineral changes in young women with hypothalamic amenorrhea treated with oral contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone, or placebo over 12 months. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176: 1017–25.
Keen AD, Drinkwater BL. Irreversible bone loss in former amenorrheic athletes. Osteoporos Int 1997;7: 311–5.
Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, Loucks A, Wilmore J. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The Female Athlete Triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997, 29:i–ix.
Otis CL, Drinkwater BL, Johnson M, et al: ACSM Position stand on the female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29(5):i-ix.
1996
Laughlin, G.A., and S.S.C. Yen. Nutritional and endocrine-metabolic aberrations in amenorrheic athletes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:4301-4309, 1996.
Dueck C.A., M.M. Manore, and K.S. Matt. Role of energy balance in athletic menstrual dysfunction. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 6:90-116, 1996.
Dueck C.A., K.S. Matt, M.M. Manore and J.S. Skinner. Treatment of athletic amenorrhea with a diet and training intervention program. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 6:24-40, 1996.
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Renchken ML, Chesnut CH, Drinkwater BL: Bone Density at multiple skeletal sites in amenorrheic athletes. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 276 (3):238-40.
1995
Klibanski A, Biller BM, Schoenfeld DA, Herzog DB, Saxe VC. The effects of estrogen administration on trabecular bone loss in young women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80: 898–904.
1994
Johnson, A.W., C. Weiss, D.L. Wheeler. Stress fractures of the femoral shaft in athletes — more common than expected: a new clinical test. Am. J. Sports Med. 22:248-256, 1994.
Johnson MD. Disordered eating in active and athletic women. Clin Sports Med 1994; 13(2); 355-69.
Kanis, J.A., L.J. Melton, C. Christiansen, C.C. Johnston, and N. Khaltaev. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 9:1137-1141, 1994.
Nattiv A., R. Agostini, B.L. Drinkwater, K.K. Yeager. The female athlete triad: the inter-relatedness of disordered eating, amenorrhea and osteoporosis. Clin. Sports Med. 13(2):405-418, 1994
Sundgot-Borgen, J. Risk and trigger factors for the development of eating disorders in female elite athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26:414-419, 1994.
1993
Jonnavithula S, Warren MP, Fox RP, Lazaro MI. Bone density is compromised in amenorrheic women despite return of menses: a 2-year study. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81: 669–74.
Loucks, A.B., and R. Callister. Induction and prevention of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women. Am. J. Physiol. 264:R924-R930, 1993.
Sundgot-Borgen, J. Nutrient intakes of elite female athletes suffering from eating disorders. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 3:431-442, 1993.
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1990
Drinkwater, B.L., B. Bruemner, and C.H. Chesnut 3rd. Menstrual history as a determinant of current bone density in young athletes. JAMA 263, 545-548, 1990.
1989
Loucks, A.B., J.F. Mortola, L. Girton, and S.S.C. Yen. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in athletic women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68, 402-411, 1989.
1988
Brooks-Gunn, J., C. Burrow, M.P. Warren. Attitudes toward eating and body weight in different groups of female adolescent athletes. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 7:749-757, 1988.
1987
Sanborn, C.F., B.H. Albrecht, and W.W. Wagner, Jr. Athletic amenorrhea: lack of association with body fat. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19(3):207-212, 1987.
1986
Drinkwater, B.L., K. Nilson, S. Ott, and C.H. Chesnut. Bone mineral density after resumption of menses in amenorrheic athletes. JAMA 256:380-382, 1986.
Ellison, P.T., and C. Lager. Moderate recreational running is associated with lowered salivary progesterone profiles in women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 154: 1000-1003, 1986.
Warren, M.P., J. Brooks-Gunn, L.H. Hamilton, L F. Warren, and W.G. Hamilton. Scoliosis and fractures in young ballet dancers. Relation to delayed menarche and secondary amenorrhea. N. Engl. J. Med. 314:1348-1353, 1986.
1985
Marcus, R. C.E. Cann, P. Madvig, J. Minkoff, M. Goddard, M. Bayer, M.C. Martin, L. Gaudiani, W. Haskell, H.K. Genant. Menstrual function and bone mass in elite women distance runners. Ann. Intern. Med. 102:158-163, 1985.
1984
Drinkwater, B.L., K. Nilson, C.H.I. Chesnut, W.J. Bremner, S. Shainholtz, and M.B. Southworth. Bone mineral content of amenorrheic and eumenorrheic athletes. N. Engl. J. Med. 311:277-281, 1984.
1983
Calabrese LH, Kirkendall DT: Nutritional and medical considerations in dancers. Clin Sports Med 1983; 2 (#): 539-47.
1980
Warren, M.P. The effects of exercise on pubertal progression and reproductive function in girls. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51:1150-1157, 1980.
